Other genes upregulated among A-T participants included HSF4, NPIPA5, RBPMS2, SLC1A3, and TMEM178B. Functions of these genes include regulation of heat shock proteins, stimulation of visceral smooth muscle proliferation, and episodic ataxia with gain-of-function mutations25–27. Here, SLC1A3 is linked to Familial paroxysmal ataxia.