Using patient-derived cell lines, Oushy et al. exposed normal astrocytes to GBM–EVs, showing a consecutive generation of a growth-stimulating medium packed with growth factors (such as VEGF, EGF, FGF, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and colony stimulating factors (CSFs)), interleukins and chemokines, promoting the growth of GBM cells in vitro [36]. Here, HGF is linked to glioblastoma.