CSF2 and glioblastoma: Furthermore, Oushy et al. observed an increase of immune response regulators, such as CSF2 and interleukin 10 (IL-10), in the secretome of GBM–EV-stimulated astrocytes, which might be indicative of a global immunosuppressive micro-environment set up, induced by GBM–EVs via tumour-associated astrocytes.