PTGES and malignant colon neoplasm: In human colon cancer cells (HT-29), garcinol treatment was shown to inhibit angiogenesis and proliferation via downregulating expression of mPGES-1, HIF-1α, CXCR4, MMP-2, VEGF, and MMP-9 via suppression of mPGES-1/PGE2/HIF-1α signaling pathway [52].