IL33 and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: More recent studies have further elaborated on IL-33 as being a transcriptional regulator of nuclear factor NF- κB where it has demonstrated involvement in the pathogenesis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and atherosclerosis, as well as in the activation of endothelial cells (Choi et al., 2012; Buckley et al., 2019; Yue et al., 2019).