Contrasting the downmodulation of CD83 upon HIV-1 infection, the exposure of DCs to inactivated HIV-1 virions or recombinant gp120 (HIV-1 strains Ada or IIIB)/Tat protein results in the upregulation of CD83 expression levels due to the induction of a mature phenotype (91, 92) (Figure 4B). Here, CD83 is linked to HIV-1 infection.