For example, klotho at different concentrations (0.5, 1 and 2 nM) or linagliptin (50 μM) can inhibit the expression of TNF-α and then alleviate the inflammation in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of AD patients, probably by suppressing inflammatory cytokines and up-regulating miR-29a (73). Here, TNF is linked to Alzheimer disease.