STAT3 and achalasia-alacrima syndrome: Despite reports that some small molecule compounds, such as Ursolic acid (Zhai et al., 2018) and S31-201 (Qin et al., 2015), could decrease the incidence and severity of AAAs by inhibiting the phosphorylation of STAT3 in an AngII-infused ApoE–/– mouse model, to date no small molecule STAT3 inhibitor is available for clinical therapy.