In mice, anti-CTLA-4 blocking mAb was shown to induce a dysbiosis favoring the translocation of commensal bacteria that might allow IL-12-secretion by dendritic cells (DCs) as well as the priming of commensal-specific Th1 cells that could migrate to the tumor and recognize tumor cells due to antigen mimicry5. Here, CTLA4 is linked to neoplasm.