Interestingly, we determined that RIG-I expression can be further elevated in human glia in response to bacterial infection, and our data indicates that this effect is pathogen and cell type specific as human astrocytes only show induced expression in response to the Gram-positive pathogen, S. aureus. Furthermore, we have identified bacterial motifs that are recognized by either surface PRRs or cytosolic PRRs that are sufficient to induce RIG-I protein expression in microglial cells. Here, RIGI is linked to bacterial infectious disease.