The ability of bacterial pathogens to upregulate RIG-I expression was not restricted to human glia as low level constitutive expression of RIG-I in isolated primary murine astrocytes was significantly upregulated following bacterial infection with N. meningitidis, S. aureus, and S. pneumoniae while in primary murine microglia, we observed a trend for upregulated expression (Fig. 1c, f). Here, RIGI is linked to bacterial infectious disease.