ESR1 and lung carcinoma: To further dissect the mechanism of how infiltrating macrophages can increase the ERα expression in the lung cancer cells, we then examined those reported cytokines that may affect ERα expression (Farmaki et al., 2016; Katz et al., 2013; Kirma et al., 2004; Lazennec and Richmond, 2010; Levano et al., 2011; Ning et al., 2016; Perez et al., 2012; Sakumoto et al., 2017; Sauvé et al., 2009).