ALDH2 and esophageal cancer: The individuals with homozygous (4.50%) and heterozygous (34.27%) ALDH2 rs671, which is associated with the ‘Asian Blush’, have a higher risk of acetaldehyde accumulation and esophageal cancer.50 Geographically, the populations from the North have a stronger ability of alcohol metabolism than those from the South in China; individuals from ethnic minorities Tibetan, Mongolian and Yi are top-ranked, whereas those from Lingnan Han and Southeast Han ranked bottom (Supplementary information, Fig. S7a–c).