MDM differentiated to M1 in the presence of IFN-γ and TNF-α, or M2a in the presence of IL-4, reduced or enhanced expression of DC-SIGN respectively, which in turn modulated sensitivity to HIV-1 infection and dissemination to T cells [64], highlighting the role of DC-SIGN and related adhesion factors in HIV-1 spread. Here, IL4 is linked to HIV-1 infection.