For example, Vpr tries to inhibit autophagy in T cells already at the early stages of infection to facilitate efficient viral replication [74]; Vif inhibits autophagy at the late steps of viral replication in CD4+ T cells [75]; Nef blocks autophagy in macrophages and in T cells [67,68]; HIV-1 Tat blocks autophagy in bystander macrophages [50], while envelope proteins inhibit autophagy through mTORC1 activation in dendritic cells, but not in macrophages and CD4+ T cells [56]. Here, ERVW-1 is linked to infection.