IL6 and serum lipopolysaccharide activity: We demonstrated that LMWH can (1) mitigate oxidative stress and improve antioxidant activity; (2) decrease inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, MIP-2 and VEGF, as well as neutrophil sequestration; (3) ameliorate lung edema and microvascular leakage; (4) attenuate caspase-3 activity and epithelial apoptosis; (5) improve gross and microscopic epithelial pathology; and (6) restore the ultrastructural integrity, Penh physiological index and functional gas exchange in a mouse model of VILI with endotoxemia.