TLR9 and infection: Autophagy has been reported to be a positive role in TLR7-mediated and TLR9-mediated type I IFN production (Zhou et al., 2012; Hayashi et al., 2018), whereas a negative role in TLR7-mediated type I IFNs in Enterovirus 71 (EV71) and coxsackievirus A16 (CA16) infections (Song et al., 2018).