IFNB1 and cytomegalovirus infection: Specifically, pp65 has been shown to modulate nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and interferon regulatory factors 3 (IRF3) activities, which cooperate to induce transcription of several cytokines such as IFN-β, which then counteracts HCMV infection (Iwanaszko and Kimmel, 2015).