Using a 3D model of collagen-embedded spheroids of premalignant MCF10A human breast cancer cells, we previously found TGFβ-SMAD signaling to induce breast cancer cell invasion by activating various invasion-associated genes, including matrix metallo-proteinases (MMPs) and WNT family members [25, 32, 36]. Here, TGFB1 is linked to breast carcinoma.