The heightened T-cell immunophenotype of the in vitro granulomas was associated with a significantly higher protein expression for total NF-κB and phosphorylated NF-κB (p-NF-κB), compared to unchallenged PBMCs from subjects with sarcoidosis while the p-CREB did not have any statistically significant change in in vitro granulomas as shown in Figs. 3 and 4. Here, CREB1 is linked to sarcoidosis.