When monocytes, isolated from peripheral blood of CeD patients, are co-cultured with intestinal epithelial cells, they show the ability to modify the cell layer, generating barrier functional defects and tight junction alterations by means of cytokine production, mainly IL-6 and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP1) [33]. The gene discussed is CCL2; the disease is cranioectodermal dysplasia.