We obtained NET fragments by stimulating neutrophils isolated from the peripheral blood of T1D patients and healthy control donors with PMA for 3 h, cleaved the NETs with a restriction enzyme mix and used the components consisting of large DNA fragments (Supplementary Figure 1C) and NET-associated proteins, such as proteinase 3 (PR3) (Supplementary Figure 1D), for co-cultures and further composition analysis. The gene discussed is PRTN3; the disease is type 1 diabetes mellitus.