When compared to those in HDs, we found that the proportions of B cells, CD4+CD8+ double-positive T cells (DPTs), naïve CD4+ T cells, and TGF-β+CD28- naïve CD4+ T cells in infected patients were generally increased, whereas CD8+ T cells, regardless of whether they belonged to the effector, naïve, or memory subsets, declined constantly during the progression of infection. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and infection.