On the other hand, this study is one of only a few analyses of large-scale cohorts that focus on identifying the general genetic characteristics of the Japanese population; it includes rare and valuable information, such as one of the few estimates of the SNP heritability of cystatin C in unrelated individuals, as well as estimates of the genetic correlations between urinary biomarkers and obesity-related traits. Here, CST3 is linked to obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.