GSDMD and infection: GSDMD is also cleaved by caspase-11 in mice and by caspase-4 and caspase-5 in humans, which are activated by the so-called noncanonical inflammasome pathway in response to LPS stemming from infections with cytosolic Gram-negative bacteria (Kayagaki et al, 2011, 2013; Hagar et al, 2013; Shi et al, 2014).