VDAC1 and Alzheimer disease: Figure 9a and b shows that in N2a cells incubated with AD patient serum (Fig. 9a) or 5xFAD mouse serum (Fig. 9b) exosomes, PLA signals for VDAC1-Aβ complexes were colocalized with labeling for activation of caspases (FLICA assays), suggesting induction of apoptosis.