TNF and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: For example, an increase in the protein expression levels of tumour necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin (IL)-8, IL-12, IL-17(A), interferon (IFN)-γ and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 in the blood serum and/or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of ALS patients has been observed by at least two independent studies [56–62].