CXCR4 and neoplasm: Otsuka et al. reported that the SDF-1α/CXCR4 axis modulates chemotaxis, tumor migration, and angiogenesis by activating several signaling pathways, and an in vivo study also demonstrated that blocking the SDF-1α/CXCR4 axis results in a significant reduction in tumor cell progression in non-small cell lung cancer [11].