TNF and infection: Nevertheless, the data support that the anti-tumor effects of BCG are due to an inhibition of tumor proliferation through infection of urothelial cells, a powerful local immune response involving the activity of neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells, as well as the release of different cytokines such as Interleukin (IL)-1, IL-2, IL-6 and IL-8, Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)-α, and Interferon (IFN)-γ [1,12,13].