In summary, these results showed that the mRNA/protein levels of immune response markers involved in B-cell maturation (e.g., ccr6a) and TLR2/NF-kB-mediated response (e.g., TLR2, akr1, akr2, tnf alpha/IL-1β, LTA4H, and cathepsin L1) are downregulated/underrepresented, are overrepresented, or do no change in response to mycobacterial infection while upregulated/overrepresented in response to vaccination with α-Gal. This evidence concerns the gene IL1B and mycobacterial infectious disease.