Concerning the efficacy of Lf against HBV, the pre-incubation of the cells with bLf or hLf was required to prevent HBV infection, while the pre-incubation of HBV with bLf or hLf had no inhibitory effect on the infection rate, thus indicating that the sole interaction of Lf with the cell surface is responsible for an antiviral effect [157]. Here, LTF is linked to infection.