Other upregulated factors relocalize to mitochondria upon the sensing of toxic nucleic acids (Rsad2, Ddx58, Ifih1, Ifi44). Ifi44 was described as a TLR3-dependent defense factor against RNA virus such as HCV or HIV-1 [53–56], and it was repeatedly found dysregulated in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), an autoimmune vasculopathy that is linked to aberrant sensing of self RNA and DNA [57–59]. Here, TLR3 is linked to systemic lupus erythematosus.