However, some contradictory findings have also been reported in the literature, as pirfenidone did not attenuate the TGF-β1-induced downregulation of E-cadherin in some in vitro cancer models [42, 43], but up-regulated the protein expression of E-cadherin in lung tissues of a rat silicosis model [44]. The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is silicosis.