INS and diabetes mellitus: The 240 included studies examined over 100 different diabetes-related comorbidities, including outcomes related to insulin dynamics (secretion, production, resistance, sensitivity, HOMA-IR, and HOMA-B), glucose metabolism (postprandial, fasting, oral tolerance, two-hour oral tolerance, glycemic response, and HbA1c), and hepatic and pancreatic morphology and function (liver function tests, steatosis, beta cell function, and histology).