TNF and endothelial dysfunction: Other studies examined outcomes related to oxidative stress (antioxidant enzyme activity, antioxidant capacity, endothelial dysfunction, reactive oxidative species formation, glutathione activity, endoplasmic reticulum stress, etc.)or molecular and microbial changes (expression of genes such as GLUT4, NFkB, PI3K, mTOR, TNFα, TGFβ, and VEGF, gut microbial diversity, microbial dysbiosis, and concentration of lipopolysaccharide binding protein).