ALK and non-small cell lung carcinoma: In keeping with this, the association of OPD with a higher PD-L1 expression (Table 1) suggests that immunologic tumor control is important for spatial containment of treatment failure, since PD-L1 expression in non-EGFR/ALK mutated NSCLC is associated with the presence of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and active anti-cancer immunity [30,31].