BRAF and melanoma: Although the BRAF/MEK/ERK pathway is an obvious therapeutic target in BRAF-mutated melanoma, various other cellular pathways activated by oncogenic effectors, such as JNK, p38, PI3K/AKT, NF-κB, STAT3, and MITF, are also implicated in the development, progression, metastasis, and drug resistance of melanoma [18,19].