BRAF and melanoma: Although the BRAF/MEK/ERK pathway plays a critical role in melanoma progression, different molecular pathways, such as c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), p38 MAPK, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) are also known to be constitutively active in malignant melanoma [18,19].