Elevated autophagy accompanying melanoma progression has been associated with loss of galectin-3 [82], increased levels of sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) [83], SIRT6 [84,85], BNIP3 [86], and long non-coding RNA ZNNT1 [87], and enhanced activity of signaling pathways such as AKT, independent of the mutational status of BRAF [88]. Here, BRAF is linked to melanoma.