Increased levels of three proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin (IL)-1b, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ)), two anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4 and IL-5), and one chemokine (granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF)) were found in serum of VaD patients compared with AD and controls. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and Alzheimer disease.