TNF and glomerulosclerosis: During glomerulosclerosis resident cells secrete pro-inflammatory factors such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) [20,21] which promote ECM synthesis [22,23,24] and myofibroblast accumulation in the glomerulus [25,26,27,28,29].