INS and cancer: By enriching the Gene Ontology terms and KEGG pathways of DEGs, we noted that 298 DEGs were significantly enriched in processes associated with cancer development and progression, such as regulation of cellular protein metabolism processes (GO: 0032268), signal transduction regulation (GO: 1902531), cell growth (GO: 0007049), cancer center carbon metabolism (Hsa05230), insulin signaling pathway (Hsa02520) and mTOR signaling pathway (Hsa04150) (Figure 1B–1D).