Furthermore, mitoSTAT3 contribute to anti-apoptotic functions in tumour cells by increasing the MMP and inhibiting the opening of the MPTP to release Ca2+ and cytochrome c into cytosol which would lead to intrinsic apoptosis as demonstrated in human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) [170,171]. The gene discussed is CYCS; the disease is esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.