STAT3 and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: In conclusion, the present manuscript describes by the first time that Lr modulates the secretion of pro- and anti-inflammatory molecules from human airway epithelial cells through of restoring the equilibrium between the transcription factors NF-kB/STAT-3 and SOCS3, and it seems to be an important action mechanism of probiotic in order to control lung inflammation as well as airway remodeling in COPD.