In conclusion, the present manuscript describes by the first time that Lr modulates the secretion of pro- and anti-inflammatory molecules from human airway epithelial cells through of restoring the equilibrium between the transcription factors NF-kB/STAT-3 and SOCS3, and it seems to be an important action mechanism of probiotic in order to control lung inflammation as well as airway remodeling in COPD. The gene discussed is NFKB1; the disease is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.