For example, monoclonal antibodies targeting IL-1α or IL-1β have shown promise as potential cancer therapies (Hickish et al., 2017; Hong et al., 2014; Ridker et al., 2017), and the IL-1 receptor antagonist Anakinra has shown efficacy in pre-clinical models of PDA (Zhuang et al., 2016). This evidence concerns the gene IL1B and cancer.