In addition to IL-1α, p63 promotes expression of other pro-inflammatory cytokines that have been implicated in the development and progression of PDA, such as CXCL1 and GM-CSF (Bayne et al., 2012; Li et al., 2018; Pylayeva-Gupta et al., 2012). The gene discussed is CSF2; the disease is Patent ductus arteriosus.