TGFB1 and Myocardial fibrosis: Previous studies [8] have reported that transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)/signal transduction protein (Smads) 3 signaling pathway can affect the formation of myocardial fibrosis by regulating transcription of extracellular matrix synthesis genes, and myocardial fibrosis is also one of the major pathological changes of HF.