In addition to the anti-angiogenesis induced by chelation of Cu2+, these smart nanoparticles caused further anti-tumor effects via tumor vessel obstruction (e.g., aggregation of nanochelators) and TLR-mediated immune cells stimulation (with TLR7 and TLR8 agonist), respectively (Figure 1G). Here, TLR8 is linked to neoplasm.