TNF and rheumatoid arthritis: Similar findings were observed in our experimental results, and we confirmed that TwHF and WV (0.5 mg/kg) could effectively reduce the levels of IL-6, IL-8, PGE2, and COX-2; also, the increased concentrations of IL-1β and TNF-α induced by RA were suppressed except for WV (0.125 and 0.25 mg/kg) groups (Figure 5).