IL6 and astrocytoma (excluding glioblastoma): Similarly, infection of astrocytoma cells by EV-A71 and CVA9 induced production of VCAM-1, IL-6 and IL-8 (Zhang et al., 2013), while IL-6 and IL-8 were upregulated in EV-A71 infected mouse primary astrocytes and human glioma cells (Wang H. et al., 2019).