In murine lung cancer models, activation of the PI3K–AKT–mTOR cascade resulting from PTEN deficiency was associated with the overexpression of PD-L1.111 This finding indicates that PTEN loss and consequent overactivation of the PI3K–AKT–mTOR induces PD-L1 expression. The gene discussed is AKT1; the disease is lung carcinoma.