TNF and neoplasm: At low concentrations (10− 10 mol/L), TNF-α acts as an autocrine and paracrine regulator of leukocytes and endothelial cells and is involved in the fight against bacteria, viruses and parasites infection, promote tissue repair and regulate the inflammatory response, cause tumor cell apoptosis, etc. At high concentrations (≥10− 8 mol/L), excessive production and release of TNF-α in the body destroy the body’s immunity balance, along with other inflammatory factors, produce a variety of pathological damage.