Interestingly, the protein expression of the Nodal pathway factors was less pronounced in GCNIS cells compared to EC but also to some extent SEM, which supports the notion that Nodal signalling components might be maintained only at low levels in GCNIS cells and are upregulated in the invasive tumours, although it remains to be determined whether the Nodal pathway is involved in the transition from GCNIS to EC/(SEM). Here, NODAL is linked to neoplasm.