Alternatively, the benefits of aspirin use shown in previous studies may be due to effects on inflammation, platelets, or hormonal pathways in breast cancer [13], rather than PIK3CA. An analysis of the Nurses’ Health Study showed that aspirin reduced breast cancer mortality regardless of whether patients’ tumors expressed COX-2, suggesting that the mechanism of aspirin benefit was not via the COX-2 pathway [37]. This evidence concerns the gene PIK3CA and breast carcinoma.