NPPB and atrial fibrillation: After adjusting for age, sex, BMI, DM, Atrial fibrillation, body fat percentage, E/e’, albumin, eGFR, HDL-cholesterol, BNP, aspirin and SAF, SAF level was found to be a significant independent factor associated with reduced EC (odds ratio 2.10, 95% confidence interval 1.13–4.05; P = 0.02) (Table 2).